Phi Ta Khon in the Buddhist Social Context: Social and Spiritual Dynamics of the Community in Loei Province, Thailand

Abstract

This study examines the role of the Phi Ta Khon tradition within the Buddhist social context of communities in Loei Province, Thailand, focusing on the interaction between rituals, folk beliefs, and Buddhist practices. It has four objectives: to explore the socio-religious context of Phi Ta Khon, to investigate its contemporary adaptations, to analyze its spiritual significance and contribution to community identity, and to propose recommendations for sustainable preservation. The research employs documentary analysis, field observations, and interviews with community elders, monks, artisans, and youth participants in Dan Sai and nearby areas over a three-year period. The findings indicate that Phi Ta Khon reflects a harmonious integration of pre-Buddhist animistic beliefs, ancestral veneration, and Theravada Buddhist teachings. The Vessantara Jataka functions as a key scriptural foundation that legitimizes the coexistence of folk elements within a Buddhist framework. The tradition embodies core Buddhist values such as gratitude, generosity, loving-kindness, and acceptance of impermanence, while also fostering social capital through strong community bonding and cooperation. However, the study identifies several contemporary challenges, including youth migration, commercialization driven by tourism, limited financial resources, environmental concerns, and the risk of losing intangible cultural knowledge. At the same time, opportunities arise from digital media, academic collaboration, and community-based management. The study concludes that Phi Ta Khon remains a significant cultural heritage that reinforces community identity and social cohesion. Its sustainable future depends on balancing tradition with adaptation through collaborative efforts among communities, religious institutions, researchers, and public organizations.