Lanna Royal Monastery Layouts under Sri Lankan Theravada: Cosmological and Architectural Concepts

Abstract

This paper aims to present the conceptual underpinnings and singular attributes of the spatial organization of royal monasteries (Wat Luang) in Lanna, which were subject to the impact of Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhism. Prior to an examination of the architectural facets, a contextualization of Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhism is furnished to demonstrate the interconnectedness of religious
history and artistic production, and their consequent impact.

Empirical observation indicates that royal monasteries in Lanna adhering to the Sri Lankan Nikaya (sect) frequently enshrine significant relics of the Buddha, commonly originating from Sri Lanka. This has substantially modulated the distinctiveness of their architectural configuration, differentiating them conceptually and in detail from monasteries of the indigenous Nikaya. These monastic complexes manifest a discernible primary axis, typically featuring the Viharn (assembly hall) and the Chedi (stupa), alongside a secondary axis accommodating supplementary structures such as the Viharn Thit (subsidiary hall). The operational zones are explicitly demarcated into the Buddhawat (sacred precinct) and the Sangkhawat (monastic residential precinct). Furthermore, the prevalence of the quadripartite Sangkhawat concept overseeing the central Buddhawat is evident.

The spatial design of these sites symbolically articulates fundamental Buddhist tenets, cosmology, and the integrated beliefs in tutelary spirits and the supernatural (animism). This amalgamation of beliefs and worldviews has engendered the unique architectural and artistic expressions intrinsic to Lannaís Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhism.