Beliefs and Patterns of Phra Sivali Yantra to Create Paintings to Communicate Dhamma

Abstract

This study aimed to: (1) examine the history, significance, and beliefs concerning Phra Sivali as presented in the Tipiṭaka; (2) analyze the patterns of Phra Sivali yantra; and (3) create Phra Sivali yantra paintings for the communication of Buddhist Dhamma. A mixed-methods research design was employed, with an emphasis on qualitative research integrated with creative art research. The sample consisted of 50 Phra Sivali yantra cloths purposively selected from temples, museums, and cultural learning centers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Phayao provinces, together with 14 key informants comprising scholars, Buddhist monks, artists, and local wisdom holders. The research instruments included a document analysis form, a yantra survey record form, a semi-structured interview guide, and tools for the design and creation of paintings. Data were analyzed using content analysis, semiotic analysis, typological classification, and triangulation.

The findings revealed that: (1) Phra Sivali is an Arahant who was recognized as the foremost disciple in receiving offerings and material support. His life story reflects important Buddhist principles, including the law of karma and its consequences, generosity, and perseverance in Dhamma practice, whereas beliefs in Lanna society tend to emphasize prosperity and material success. (2) Phra Sivali yantra contain key elements comprising images of Phra Sivali, sacred characters, incantations, yantra numerals, and geometric structures. Four principal representations were identified: Phra Sivali in the walking ascetic posture, the seated posture reaching into an alms bowl, the meditation posture, and the half-figure form. These elements reflect the religious and cultural symbolic systems of Lanna society. (3) The synthesis of beliefs and yantra patterns into paintings demonstrates that Buddhist Dhamma can be communicated through symmetrical composition and artistic symbolism, particularly the Four Sublime States (Brahmavihāra), generosity, and ascetic practices (dhutaṅga). The findings indicate that Buddhist art can function as a meaningful medium linking faith, art and culture, and Buddhist teachings, thereby making Dhamma more accessible to people in contemporary society.