Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research

REGULATING ONLINE PLATFORMS IN MYANMAR- OBLIGATIONS, IMMUNITIES, AND LEGAL REFORM

Nang Myint Myat YADANAR — 2026-07-01

This thesis examines the legal frameworks governing the regulation of online platforms in Myanmar, Indonesia, and the European Union, with particular emphasis on platform obligations, intermediary immunities, and liability for trademark infringement in digital marketplaces. The research aims to identify gaps in Myanmar’s current regulatory framework, analyze comparative legal approaches adopted in Indonesia and the European Union, and propose targeted legal reforms for Myanmar. The study focuses on written laws, regulatory instruments, and judicial decisions relating to intermediary liability and online platform regulation. Employing a comparative legal methodology, the research analyzes primary legal sources through the two-pillar framework of Notice-and-Takedown obligations and Safe Harbor immunity, examining how each jurisdiction balances regulatory obligations imposed on online platforms with conditional immunity from liability. The comparative analysis demonstrates that Myanmar’s current approach imposes takedown obligations on online platforms without providing corresponding safe harbor protections, thereby exposing compliant platforms to significant legal uncertainty and liability risks. Accordingly, the thesis argues for comprehensive legal reform to establish a more balanced and coherent framework for online platform regulation in Myanmar.

Keywords: E-commerce Platforms, Trademark Infringement, Intermediary Liability, Safe Harbor, Notice-and-Takedown, Myanmar, Indonesia, European Union, Digital Services Act

COGNITIVE DESIGN MECHANISM OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSUMPTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SHANXI STILTED BEAST MASK CULTURAL PRODUCTS

Xuhua ZHU — 2026-07-01

The commercialization of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) requires not only aesthetic transformation but also psychological activation mechanisms. This study investigates the cognitive - design transmission mechanism underlying consumer purchase intention toward Shanxi Stilted Beast Mask cultural products. A design - based mixed-method approach was employed, combining prototype reconstruction and quantitative survey analysis. First, representative beast-mask prototypes were reconstructed through symbolic extraction, geometric simplification, and contemporary visual translation. Second, a questionnaire survey involving 400 respondents was conducted to empirically examine the relationships among ICH cognition, cultural identity, perceived value, and purchase intention. Reliability and validity tests indicated satisfactory measurement quality (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.80; KMO > 0.85; Bartlett’s Test, p < .001). Regression analysis revealed that ICH cognition significantly predicted cultural identity (β = .64, p < .001), cultural identity significantly influenced perceived value (β = .58, p < .001), and perceived value strongly predicted purchase intention (β = .72, p < .001). Mediation analysis further confirmed that cultural identity and perceived value jointly mediated the relationship between cognition and purchase intention, accounting for 62% of the total effect. The study proposes a Cognitive - Design Transmission Model that explains how visual reconstruction of cultural symbols can activate consumer cognition, strengthen cultural identity, enhance perceived value, and ultimately promote purchase intention. The findings provide both theoretical support and practical guidance for the sustainable transformation of intangible cultural heritage into contemporary cultural and creative products.

Keywords: Intangible Cultural Heritage, Stilted Beast Masks, Cultural Identity, Perceived Value, Purchase Intention, Cultural and Creative Design

INTEGRATING LOCAL CULTURE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY INTO BRAND VISUAL DESIGN: A FRAMEWORK FOR PUTIAN FOOTWEAR AND APPAREL BRANDS

Jiamin YU — 2026-07-01

With the deep integration of digital technology and cultural consumption, Putian’s footwear and apparel industry, a global manufacturing hub with an annual output value of 140 billion yuan, faces a critical transition from OEM dependence to independent branding. This study explores the business model innovation of brand visual design for Putian’s footwear and apparel brands in the digital era, focusing on cultural value transformation and consumer cognitive mechanisms. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, including semi-structured interviews with 10 key informants (five industry practitioners and five experts in branding and cultural heritage), questionnaires (n=400), and field observations, the research identifies core challenges such as homogenized visual identity, weak cultural integration, and inadequate digital adaptation. Findings indicate that design-driven business models integrating local cultural elements (e.g., Mazu culture, Puxian opera) with digital tools (AR try-ons, AI design) significantly enhance brand recognition (M=4.87, SD=1.23) and purchase intention (M=4.62, SD=1.31) among Generation Z consumers. A VIS toolkit and strategic guidelines are proposed to support sustainable brand development. This study provides actionable insights for traditional manufacturing clusters pursuing digital and cultural transformation.

Keywords: Brand Visual Design, Business Model, Digital Transformation, Footwear and Apparel Industry, Cultural Integration

BUSINESS PLAN: SHER BLOOMM ONLINE SPECIAL GIFT BAKERY

Sherlin EKRASSAMEEWAT — 2026-07-10

Sher Bloomm online special gift bakery is an online bakery specializing in premium macaron gift sets featuring hand-painted floral designs. The brand offers two primary product lines signature hand-painted macarons and curated gift sets. These sets include a selection of macarons paired with premium floral teas and personalized message cards detailing the symbolic meanings of various flowers. In the initial phase, the brand operates as a 100% online business. To ensure the delicate macarons maintain their peak quality and structural integrity, the brand utilizes a strictly controlled delivery system. All shipments are handled via cold-chain delivery service and same-Day Express Delivery. Available for customers within Bangkok and its vicinity to guarantee maximum freshness upon arrival. The brand views its products as “more than just a gift.” The brand aims to provide a meaningful experience for those purchasing gifts for loved ones, as well as individuals seeking “self-reward” or a source of new inspiration after a period of hard work. The primary target audience consists of men and women aged 20-40 years. Income level is monthly income exceeding 20,000 THB. Lifestyle & Behavior is individuals who value sentimental gifts, enjoy sharing aesthetic content on social media, and are frequent online shoppers who prioritize self-care and gift-giving during special occasions. The brand has established a clear financial roadmap with an initial investment of 70,000 THB. Payback Period 1 years. Net Present Value (NPV): The project maintains a positive NPV of 196,638.96 THB.

Keywords: Business Plan, Sher Bloomm Online Special Gift Bakery, Macarons

BUSINESS PLAN: KING TAEKWONDO ACADEMY

Purim PURINTRAPHIBAN — 2026-07-10

King Taekwondo Academy operates as a human potential development institution in Prachinburi Province, utilizing Taekwondo as a strategic vehicle to instill discipline and foster self-confidence. The academy strategically targets children and youths from high-purchasing-power families situated within the 304 Industrial Park area and Sri Maha Phot District. Employing both Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B) models-the latter facilitated through institutional partnerships with local schools-the business leverages the executive management's extensive 21-year expertise in the sports industry. Financed entirely by a sole proprietor, the project requires an initial capital investment of 4,000,000 THB. The projected revenue commences at approximately 2,500,000 THB in the first year, with a trajectory of continuous growth reaching 3,700,000 THB by the fifth year. Net profit is estimated to initiate at 1,100,000 THB in Year 1 and progressively ascend to achieve the targeted 1,850,000 THB in Year 5) This performance culminates in an ending retained earnings balance of 7,200,000 THB at the conclusion of the fifth year. Furthermore, the cash flow statement demonstrates robust financial liquidity, indicating sufficient working capital to seamlessly sustain operations and ensure consistent dividend distributions. The financial feasibility analysis indicates that the business is capable of generating positive net cash flows from its inaugural year, yielding an estimated payback period of approximately 2.8 years. Profitability indicators consistently reflect highly attractive investment metrics, with a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of 1,280,000 THB evaluated at a 10% discount rate. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is established at 22.56%, significantly surpassing the market’s average cost of capital. Conjointly with the sensitivity analysis, these financial indicators substantiate that the project possesses commendable financial stability, exhibits resilience against fluctuations in student enrollment and maintains long-term business sustainability.

Keywords: Business Plan, King Taekwondo Academy

BUSINESS PLAN: TRONG CATERING KANCHANABURI

Phanyawat LAOHAKANCHANASIRI — 2026-07-10

Trong Catering Kanchanaburi is a medium-sized enterprise providing off-site catering services specializing in Chinese banquet-style dining. The target market includes individuals organizing ceremonies and celebrations such as weddings, ordinations, and merit-making events for groups of 100 or more persons, as well as corporate and government organizations requiring large-scale catering. The business employs a direct channel approach combined with social media platforms, particularly TikTok and Facebook, which have garnered over 43,100 and 30,000 followers respectively, creating significant brand awareness across Thailand. The situational analysis reveals high competitive intensity from rival operators in Kanchanaburi and neighboring Nakhon Pathom Province, a high threat of substitutes from buffet and cocktail-style catering, and strong buyer bargaining power in the digital era. The 7P marketing mix strategy emphasizes authentic taste developed over 30 years of experience, fresh ingredients cooked on-site, professional service comparable to hotels, and customizable digital packages. The financial analysis based on a 5-year projection reveals that the business requires an initial investment of 4,673,606 THB, fully funded by the sole owner. The projected payback period is within 3 years. The project yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of 2,689,113.89 THB and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 25%. Since the IRR is higher than the 10% discount rate, the financial returns surpass the cost of capital, indicating that this business plan is highly viable and financially lucrative.

Keywords: Business Plan, Catering, Chinese Banquet, Food Service, Kanchanaburi

AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEM FOR TEACHING KNOT TYING SKILLS TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN PIONEERING SUBJECTS FOR BOY AND GIRLS SCOUTS

Narathip KEAWTHONG — 2026-07-10

The objective of this research was to study learning achievement in pioneering subjects using augmented reality (AR) to transfer knot-tying skills to Boy and Girl Scouts. While also evaluating their satisfaction with the system. The results of the study on learning achievement before and after learning, using the paired samples t-test, showed that post-test learning achievement was higher than pre-test learning achievement in all aspects, namely (1) accuracy and completeness of knots, (2) beauty of knots, (3) tightness and strength of knots, and (4) speed of tying. This shows that learning through augmented reality system for transferring knot tying skills resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the students' learning achievement at the .05 level. Participants expressed high satisfaction with the AR system, specifically regarding its ability to stimulate critical thinking, ease of use, and content accuracy. Additionally, the system was highly rated for its alignment with instructional methods and its effectiveness in fostering interest and self-directed

Keywords: Augmented Reality Systems, Knot Tying Skills, Satisfaction

TRUENESS OF INTRAORAL SCANNER AT THE FINISH LINE OF FIXED PROSTHODONTIC ABUTMENTS: INFLUENCE OF FINISH LINE LOCATION, FINISH LINE REGION, AND GINGIVAL RETRACTION TECHNIQUE

Tita PUTTAWONG — 2026-07-10

This clinical study evaluated the trueness of intraoral scanner at the finish lines of fixed prosthodontic abutments by examining the effects of finish line location, finish line region, and gingival retraction technique. Fifty abutment teeth from 9 patients were scanned intraorally using a TRIOS 5 intraoral scanner, with reference scans generated from conventional polyvinyl siloxane impressions, Type IV stone casts, and an E4 laboratory scanner. Trueness was assessed by comparing test and reference STL files using Geomagic Qualify 12 software. A total of 168 finish line regions were analyzed using a linear mixed model at α = 0.05. Finish line region showed a statistically significant main effect on RMS deviation (F(3, 111.34) = 7.998, p < .001), while finish line location (p = .061) and gingival retraction technique (p = .328) showed no significant main effects. A significant three-way interaction was observed (F(3, 119.79) = 7.891, p < .001). Pairwise comparisons revealed that the distal region exhibited significantly greater RMS deviations than the mesial and buccal regions. Overall mean RMS deviations were approximately 30 to 40 µm, which were within ranges previously reported as clinically acceptable marginal scan trueness.

Keywords: Intraoral Scanner, Trueness, Finish Line, Fixed Prosthodontics

BUSINESS PLAN: PCP PACK CO., LTD.

Wipreeya SILACHOTE — 2026-07-10

PCP PACK Co., Ltd. is a family-owned enterprise established upon a foundation of specialized expertise in plastic and shrink film manufacturing. Strategically located in Phra Samut Chedi, Samut Prakan, the company operates under a B2B (Business-to-Business) model, offering a diverse portfolio of packaging solutions. Our core offerings include precision product labels, versatile shrink films (PE and PVC), cap seals, and bespoke curved, pressed, and flat-cut PVC packaging. Our comprehensive end-to-end services encompass expert consultancy, innovative graphic design, and advanced manufacturing, followed by streamlined distribution to clients throughout Thailand and the Lao People's Democratic Republic. With an initial capital investment of 2,000,000 THB, the company is incorporated with a shareholding structure led by Ms. Wipreeya Silachote (60%), Mr. Pinitnun Silachote (30%), and Mr. Worawit Yamsiri (10%). A rigorous feasibility study indicates exceptional financial performance, featuring a payback period of less than one year. The Net Present Value (NPV) is highly favorable at 2,599,792.59 THB, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 75% per annum. Based on an extensive analysis of market benchmarks and operational excellence, it is concluded that PCP PACK Co., Ltd. represents an attractive and worthwhile investment opportunity under the stated assumptions.

Keywords: Business Plan, Plastic, Plastic Packaging, Product Labels, Branding

BUSINESS PLAN: OON’Z COFFEE & RESTAURANT

Sasiyapat JIRAPHATKULCHAI — 2026-07-10

This business plan is prepared to conduct a feasibility study and establish strategic guidelines for a health-oriented beverage enterprise. OON'Z Coffee & Restaurant is a specialty coffee and healthy food business model situated in a high-potential location in the Bang Waek area of Bangkok. The business distinguishes itself with the core concept of "Authentic Taste, Without Excess," utilizing innovative Precision Nutrition to meet the specific needs of working professionals and health-conscious consumers. A key competitive advantage is the integration of in-house coffee experts, ensuring total control over quality, aroma, flavor, and raw material costs from upstream production to the final cup. Regarding spatial strategy and operations, the establishment spans over 390 square meters, offering both Indoor and Outdoor service zones. The business operates a Hybrid revenue model, comprising 60% storefront sales and 40% delivery, providing high operational flexibility. This project requires an initial investment of 900,000 THB and demonstrates strong potential by projecting a first-year net profit of 376,366 THB. This results in a payback period of 2 years (24 months), an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 49.25%, and a Net Present Value (NPV) of 1,586,141.84 THB. Furthermore, the business maintains a robust financial structure free from long-term debt, with a clear dividend payout plan starting in the 4th year of operation, reflecting a high feasibility of steadily and sustainably advancing to become a leader in the premium healthy beverage market.

Keywords: Business Plan, Specialty Coffee, Precision Nutrition, Healthy Beverage Business

BUSINESS PLAN: SN-HOME WALLPAPERS

Sanhatai NA SOONGNERN — 2026-07-10

This independent study presents a comprehensive business plan for SN-Home Wallpapers, a family-owned enterprise specializing in one-stop wallpaper distribution and installation services. Leveraging extensive direct experience and a highly skilled in-house installation team, the business emphasizes quality workmanship, standardized operational processes, and attentive customer care. Market analysis indicates a growing demand for interior renovation, positioning the company favorably against competitors. The primary target market comprises homeowners, condominium residents, and interior renovation contractors in Bangkok and its vicinity, particularly those seeking value-for-money, reliability, and professional consultation. To effectively penetrate this market and achieve sustainable growth, the marketing strategy focuses on building strong brand awareness through targeted online advertising, leveraging authentic customer testimonials on social media platforms, and differentiating the brand through personalized, detail-oriented after-sales services. Operationally, the business adopts a lean family-business structure to optimize costs and ensure agility. Financially, the project requires an initial investment of 500,000 THB to cover facility preparation, tools, and marketing. Financial projections over a five-year period indicate a payback period of 3.24 years, an estimated internal rate of return (IRR) of 19.64%, and a net present value (NPV) of (260,008) THB at a 5% discount rate.

Keywords: Business Plan, SN-Home Wallpapers, Wallpaper Installation, Wallpaper Distribution, Family Business

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE THRIVING AT WORK IN STARTUP ORGANIZATIONS IN BANGKOK THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND AGENTIC WORK BEHAVIOR

Nareerath LERDTAVEEJARIYAKUL — 2026-07-10

The objective of this research was to examine the indirect effect of Transformational leadership on Thriving at work of startup employees in Bangkok, by analyzing the mediating roles of Psychological safety and Agentic work behavior. The sample consisted of 151 startup employees in Bangkok with a tenure of at least 4 months. Data were collected using an online questionnaire, which demonstrated Cronbach’s α coefficients ranging from 0.871 to 0.955. Statistical software was utilized for data analysis, and a serial mediation model (Model 6) was tested using the PROCESS Macro for SPSS. The findings revealed that Transformational leadership exerted a statistically significant indirect effect on Thriving at work sequentially through psychological safety and agentic work behavior (Effect = 0.0918, BootCI [0.0252, 0.1992]). Conversely, the indirect effect through agentic work behavior alone was not statistically significant (Effect = 0.0402, BootCI [-0.0174, 0.1017]). These findings suggest that within the highly volatile and dynamic context of startups, Transformational leadership alone is insufficient to directly drive employees' Agentic work behavior. Instead, Psychological safety serves as a crucial psychological unlock mechanism and bridge that fosters Agentic work behavior, ultimately leading to Thriving at work.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Thriving at Work, Psychological Safety, Agentic Work Behavior, Start Up

COMPARISON OF RETURNS AND RISKS OF ESG-BASED INVESTMENTS BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS DURING THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Kuljira BUNWARUT — 2026-07-10

This study examines the ability of high-ESG securities to generate excess returns and demonstrate resilience during financial crises. It compares developed markets (US and Japan) with emerging markets (China and Thailand) across three periods: pre-crisis (2018-2019), the COVID-19 crisis (2020-2021), and economic recovery (2022-2025). The research constructs simulated portfolios from the top 50 companies by market capitalization in each country, dividing them into High ESG (Top 30%) and Low ESG (Bottom 30%) portfolios using equal-weight allocation and monthly rebalancing. A Long-Short ESG Factor strategy isolates the ESG premium, while a Lagged Portfolio approach mitigates look-ahead bias. Performance is evaluated using the Sortino Ratio and CAPM, with robustness verified via Newey-West and Brown-Forsythe tests. The findings reveal structural differences: developed markets show high-ESG concentration in technology and innovation, acting as safe havens by reducing volatility and beta during market downturns. Conversely, emerging markets concentrate in traditional industries, with Thailand tending to amplify risk during crises. However, China demonstrates a significant ability to generate positive alpha during the recovery period, particularly among low-volatility securities. Overall, ESG factors play distinct roles based on market development. In developed markets, ESG serves primarily as a risk management tool, whereas in emerging markets, it acts as a return-enhancing factor. These insights offer valuable implications for international portfolio allocation amid global economic crises.

Keywords: ESG Investing, Financial Crisis, Developed vs. Emerging Markets, Risk Management

LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT THROUGH UPSKILLING AND RESKILLING SYSTEMS

Parinthorn SIRIEAWPHIKUL — 2026-07-10

This academic article aims to examine approaches to leadership development through Upskilling and Reskilling systems, which are considered highly significant strategic mechanisms for enhancing workforce competencies in the context of the dynamic and continuously evolving digital era. This study employs a documentary analysis and synthesis of related research to explain the fundamental concepts, significance, implementation models, and factors contributing to the success of leadership development processes in these dimensions. The findings reveal that Upskilling and Reskilling play a crucial role in strengthening leaders’ capabilities to cope with uncertainty, develop skills that align with emerging roles, and improve organizational management effectiveness in tangible ways. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies, such as online learning platforms and artificial intelligence, into skill development processes has significantly enhanced the flexibility, accessibility, and efficiency of learning. Moreover, the study indicates that key success factors include strong support from top management, an organizational culture that promotes continuous learning, and the design of development programs that align with the specific needs of organizations and personnel in different contexts. This article therefore proposes an integrated approach to modern leadership development by systematically incorporating Upskilling and Reskilling into organizational strategies, alongside the creation of a sustainable lifelong learning ecosystem. Such an approach serves as a critical foundation for enabling organizations to maintain their competitive capabilities securely and sustainably in the future.

Keywords: Leadership Development, Upskilling, Reskilling, Lifelong Learning

MARKET REGIME DETECTION USING HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL AND TACTICAL ASSET ALLOCATION STRATEGIES IN ASIAN EQUITY MARKETS

Natchaya NA NAKORN — 2026-07-10

Asian equity markets are highly vulnerable to sudden regime shifts, yet most quantitative strategies assume return stationarity. This paper evaluates whether a three-state Gaussian Hidden Markov Model (HMM) can reliably identify economically distinct market regimes across five major Asian indices (BSE SENSEX, Nikkei 225, Hang Seng, STI, and SET), and whether regime-aware trading rules can generate superior risk-adjusted returns. Parameters are estimated using the Baum-Welch EM algorithm with twenty random restarts, and the most probable state sequences are decoded via the Viterbi Algorithm. To prevent look-ahead bias, parameters are locked at a January 2022 cutoff for a four-year out-of-sample testing window. We compare three distinct strategies: a Hybrid rule (following momentum in trending states and fading the market during mean-reversion states), a pure Contrarian rule, and a passive Buy-and-Hold benchmark. The HMM demonstrates strong out-of-sample stability, with over 74% of forecasted days maintaining posterior probabilities above 0.80 in four of the five markets. The Hybrid strategy consistently outperforms the Buy-and-Hold benchmark on a Sharpe basis in three markets, showing the most significant gains in the Nikkei 225 (Sharpe Ratio +0.71 vs. +0.47) and the STI (SR +0.84 vs. +0.53), while successfully limiting drawdowns in Thailand’s structurally declining market. Conversely, the strategy fails in Hong Kong due to a prolonged Bear-state misclassification triggered by post-2022 structural breakdowns, which erased the model's predictive edge and allowed the pure Contrarian rule to deliver the superior performance.

Keywords: Hidden Markov Model, Market Regime Detection, Tactical Asset Allocation, Asian Equity Markets, Hybrid Strategy

SENSORY EVALUATION OF CRAFT BEER: HAZY IPA

Chutipol NAKLAOR — 2026-07-10

This study aims to analyze consumer preferences and segment consumers based on drinking behavior and preference characteristics. The sample consisted of 154 consumers, aged 20-50 years, who had consumed craft beer at least once within the past three months. The research instruments included a questionnaire and three Hazy IPA product samples. The questionnaire comprised three sections: consumption behavior, sensory evaluation using a five-point scale covering six attributes (aroma, taste, bitterness, mouthfeel, color, and overall liking). Data analysis involved sensory evaluation to compare consumer preference levels across samples and cluster analysis based on five sensory acceptance attributes-aroma, taste, bitterness, mouthfeel, and color. The Chi-square test was also used to examine relationships between demographic characteristics and consumption behavior. The results showed that craft beer code 168 received the highest overall liking score and was most frequently ranked first (44.80%), with strengths in color, aroma, and taste. Cluster analysis revealed that craft beer code 150 formed two consumer segments, with gender significantly associated with segmentation. Craft beer code 544 also formed two segments, with no significant demographic associations. Craft beer code 168 formed three segments, with occupation significantly related to segmentation.

Keywords: Craft Beer, Sensory Evaluation, Consumer Behavior, Cluster Analysis

EFFECT OF CAVITY DEPTH ON COLOR MATCHING ABILITY OF DIFFERENT SHADE-SYSTEM RESIN COMPOSITES

Apirat RITTHITI — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to compare the effects of composite type and cavity depth on color matching ability by measuring color difference (ΔE₀₀) using a spectrophotometer on 27 A2-shade acrylic teeth divided into 9 groups according to three composite types: Omnichroma, 3M™ Filtek™ Easy Match Universal, and Estelite Σ Quick, and three cavity depths of 1, 2, and 3 mm. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, Two-Way ANOVA, and post-hoc tests (Tukey HSD and Bonferroni) at a significance level of 0.05. Composite type significantly affected ΔE₀₀ (p<0.001), with 3M™ Filtek™ Easy Match Universal showing the lowest values (3.23±0.55), followed by Omnichroma (4.63±1.05) and Estelite Σ Quick (5.74±0.77). Cavity depth also significantly affected ΔE₀₀ (p<0.001), with values increasing as depth increased across all composite types. A significant interaction was found between composite type and cavity depth (p=0.040), indicating that the effect of cavity depth on color matching ability differed across composite types.

Keywords: Resin Composite, Color Matching Ability, Cavity Depth, Single Shade, Simplified Shade

EFFECT OF PREHEATED RESIN COMPOSITE LUTING AGENT ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF LITHIUM DISILICATE CERAMIC AT CEMENT-CORE INTERFACE

Nuttaphon KITTIKUNDECHA — 2026-07-10

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a pre-heated resin composite luting agent on the biaxial flexural strength of lithium disilicate ceramic bonded to a resin composite substrate, simulating immediate dentin sealing or composite core build-up.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-two heat-pressed, crystallized, and glazed lithium disilicate discs (diameter = 10 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were fabricated and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 13) based on the luting agent used: (1) pre-heated resin composite at 68°C (PRC), (2) dual-cured resin cement (DC), (3) light-cured resin cement (LC), and (4) high-strength flowable resin composite (HSF). Biaxial flexural strength was evaluated for all specimens. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test (α = 0.05). Differences among groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc multiple comparison tests.

Results: The flexural strength of lithium disilicate ceramics varied significantly depending on the luting material applied. Mean biaxial flexural strength values increased in the following order: LC < DC < PRC < HSF. The PRC group exhibited significantly higher flexural strength compared to the DC and LC; however, no significant differences were observed between DC and LC groups.

Conclusion: Pre-heated resin composite as an alternative luting agent provides comparable or superior mechanical support to lithium disilicate restorations compared to conventional resin cements, offering clinical guidance for material selection to optimize restoration durability.

Keywords: Pre-Heated Resin Composite, Lithium Disilicate, Biaxial Flexural Strength, Luting Agent, Resin Cement

THE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES OF RESIN COMPOSITE FILLING FOR REST SEATS IN DISTAL EXTENSION REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Trust SAWAENGCHAROEN — 2026-07-10

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of resin composite thickness for rest seats in distal extension RPD on mechanical behavior by finite element analysis. The results of the study revealed that: 1) The maximum von Mises stress within the resin composite was comparable regardless of thickness 2) Thickness affected maximum von Mises stress within abutment tooth and RPD framework 3) Fatigue analysis indicated that all models successfully endured up to 1x10⁸ loading cycles regardless of the rest seat thickness. Conclusion: 1) Resin composite exhibited sufficient mechanical strength and fatigue resistance to serve as a reliable rest seat material for removable partial denture. 2) Resin composite rest seat at a thickness of at least 1.0 mm is recommended for abutment tooth.

Keywords: Rest Seat, Resin Composite, Removable Partial Denture, Finite Element Analysis

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING THE POTENTIAL OF SALES EMPLOYEES AT KINGKAEW SHOP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP THROUGH THE APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY (AI) PROCESS

Kittipon TIPPAART — 2026-07-10

This research aimed to (1) examine positive experiences related to self-leadership among sales employees of Kingkaew Shop Limited Partnership through the Appreciative Inquiry process and (2) develop guidelines for enhancing their self-leadership. This study employed an action research approach integrated with the Appreciative Inquiry 4D model, consisting of Discovery, Dream, Design, and Destiny. The participants were 10 sales employees working in an online retail business context, where they faced pressure from sales targets, rapid customer response requirements, immediate problem-solving, and the need to improve responsibility, communication, and self-regulation. The research instruments included a semi-structured interview form with positive open-ended questions, SOAR analysis, and the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ). The RSLQ was pilot tested with 40 respondents who had characteristics similar to the key informants. The reliability test showed Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.883, indicating a high level of reliability. The findings revealed that the sales employees’ positive experiences reflected key components of self-leadership, including willingness to try new things, decision-making and immediate problem-solving, continuous self-development, discipline, responsibility, communication skills, teamwork, and emotional management. Based on these findings, three development projects were designed and implemented: Mind Power, which focused on positive thinking, self-talk, and visualization; Energize My Work, which aimed to enhance intrinsic motivation and the meaning of work; and Leadership Skills for Supervisors, which aimed to develop leadership, communication, and team management skills. After the implementation, the average self-leadership score of the sales employees increased from 3.99 to 4.31, representing an 8.02 percent improvement. In addition, interviews with direct supervisors and participatory observation showed that the employees demonstrated greater responsibility, improved punctuality in task completion, increased confidence in work and communication, and greater participation in meetings and idea sharing. Therefore, the Appreciative Inquiry process can be applied as a practical and context-appropriate approach to developing self-leadership among sales employees in an online retail business.

Keywords: Appreciative Inquiry, Self-Leadership, Sales Employees, Potential Development, SOAR

A STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS IN PUBLISHING IN TCI TIER 1 AND TCI TIER 2 JOURNALS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH CAPACITY AT NAKHON PHANOM UNIVERSITY

Tidarat PAPHATPHONG — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to examine and analyze the factors influencing successful publication in TCI Tier 1 and TCI Tier 2 journals, with reference to the context of research capacity development at Nakhon Phanom University. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including quantitative analysis of past publications. The findings revealed that the key factors affecting publication success include the quality and originality of the research, the alignment between the manuscript content and the journal’s scope, the rigor of the research methodology, academic writing skills, the researcher’s experience, the availability of mentors or academic networks, and systematic revision of manuscripts based on reviewers’ comments. In addition, institutional support factors—such as publication promotion policies, funding support systems, academic writing skill development, and advisory mechanisms—were found to play a significant role in increasing the likelihood of publication, particularly in TCI Tier 1 journals. The results of this study can be utilized as supporting information for formulating policy guidelines and measures to enhance the quality of academic outputs at Nakhon Phanom University, ensuring alignment with the university’s development goals.

Keywords: Academic Publication, TCI Tier 1, TCI Tier 2, Success Factors, Researchers

BUSINESS PLAN: NUMYEN CAMPING AND RESORT

Nathapol PRASERTKUL — 2026-07-10

Nature-based tourism and leisure activities in peaceful environments have become increasingly popular, particularly camping and resort tourism that offers close interaction with nature. The global camping tourism market is projected to reach a value of USD 100 billion by 2026, representing a growth rate of approximately 9% (Krungthep Turakij, 2026). In Buriram Province, several popular camping destinations are located both near urban areas and in the volcanic mountain zone, providing tranquil natural surroundings and pleasant winter atmospheres suitable for relaxation. Examples include Hin Lek Fai Farm in Prakhon Chai District, which offers comprehensive facilities; Ban Suan Pha Hin in Mueang District; Plai Tawan Farm in Mueang District; and Phanom Rung Historical Park in Chaloem Phra Kiat District (Pai Duay Kan, 2025). In response to this growing demand, the Nam Yen Camping and Resort business plan has been developed to provide accommodation services that align with the preferences of modern tourists. The project consists of 12 glamping tent units, each designed to accommodate two guests and equipped with complete facilities to ensure comfort and convenience. The total initial investment required for the project is THB 3,500,000. The financial feasibility analysis indicates that the project has a payback period of 3 years, a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of THB 159,793.07, and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13 percent. Based on these three investment evaluation methods, the results demonstrate that Nam Yen Camping and Resort is a reasonably feasible investment project. The expected returns are consistent with the characteristics of the accommodation and tourism industry, which generally requires a relatively high initial investment while offering stable long-term returns. However, these financial projections are based on the assumptions established in the study and may be subject to fluctuations in actual business operations.

Keywords: Business Plan, Nature-Based Tourism, Camping Tourism, Glamping, Buriram Province

A 1-YEAR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MARGINAL BONE CHANGE IN 2 SYSTEMS OF BONE-LEVEL, TAPERED IMPLANTS

Kanyarak KUNYAWATYUWAPONG — 2026-07-10

Among the tapered, bone-level implants available, Straumann Bone Level Tapered (BLT)^® implant system (Straumann^®, Switzerland) and Helix GM^® implant system (Neodent^®, Brazil) are widely used. However, to our knowledge, there is no evidence that compares marginal bone loss between these two systems. Therefore, this study focused on the difference of the marginal bone loss in radiographic findings between these two implant systems after 1 year of implant placement. Patients with Straumann Bone Level Tapered (BLT)^® and Helix GM^® implants were recruited. The intraoral periapical radiographs at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), and 1 year (T2) after implant placement were evaluated and measured changes in marginal bone level. Between-group differences in marginal bone change at 1 year were not statistically significant. However, both groups showed statistically significant within-group changes at 6 months and 1 year. The mean marginal bone levels were 0.719±0.736 and 0.54±0.772 in Straumann Bone Level Tapered (BLT)^®, and 0.90±0.596 and 0.95±0.465 in Helix GM^®group, at 6 months and 1 year, respectively. It could be concluded by the study that there was no difference in changes of marginal bone level between the two implant systems after 1 year of placement. Hence, differences in mean marginal bone level at 6 months and 1 year were observed in in both groups, though not clinically significant.

Keywords: Bone-Level Implant, Marginal Bone Loss, Peri-Implant Marginal Bone

A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INVESTMENT ON RENTAL APARTMENT IN PHRAEK SA ROAD SAMUTPRAKAN PROVINCE

Teera RODKASIGAM — 2026-07-10

The study aimed to: 1) assess market feasibility; 2) examine technical formats and alternatives; and 3) evaluate the financial feasibility of investing in an apartment for rent near the Phreak Sa Road Samutprakarn Province. Primary data were collected from a survey of rental apartments located within a two-kilometre radius of the project site, followed by covert non-participant observation by acting as a customer to obtain information for analysing market opportunities and determining an appropriate and competitive market positioning for the project. Interviews were also conducted with architects specialising in rental apartment building design to ensure compliance with relevant legal requirements, while secondary data were obtained from related articles and research studies. The data were analysed using descriptive and quantitative approaches, with financial tools incorporating the time value of money applied as investment decision-making criteria. The findings revealed that there were 20 rental apartments within the study area, most of which were unfurnished apartments without air conditioning and mixed-type unfurnished apartments offering both non-air-conditioned and air-conditioned rooms. As of the survey date, non-air-conditioned rooms had occupancy rates of 90-100 percent, with monthly rents ranging from 1,400 to 2,800 Baht., while air-conditioned rooms had a 100 percent occupancy rate, with monthly rents ranging from 2,500 to 3,400 Baht. Therefore, the project was positioned as an unfurnished apartment with air-conditioned rooms, with a monthly rent of 3,300 Baht. The proposed project consists of a five-storey building with 77 rooms, requiring a total investment of 39,492,900 Baht on a 352.50-square-wah land plot located in an orange urban planning zone. Based on a 20-year project life, a 90 percent occupancy rate, and a Weighted Average Cost of Capital of 5.75%, the project generated a Net Present Value of -3,383,364 Baht, a Profitability Index of 0.91, an Internal Rate of Return of 4.77%, and a Modified Internal Rate of Return of 5.27%, the switching values for revenue, operating costs, and investment costs were -6.30%, -18.20%, and -8.79%, respectively. Therefore, the project did not meet the investment decision criteria.

Keywords: Feasibility Study, Apartment, Phreak Sa Road Samutprakarn Province

GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A LARGE-SCALE GROUNDWATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF TONG KHOB PROJECT, KHOK SI SUPHAN DISTRICT, SAKON NAKHON PROVINCE, THAILAND

Nussun KASEMSAMAN — 2026-07-10

The objective of this research was to conduct a geophysical exploration and evaluate groundwater potential for the construction of a large-scale groundwater supply system in Tong Khob Subdistrict, Sakon Nakhon Province, an area facing severe water scarcity due to soil conditions unable to retain surface water. The methodology involved Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) at 43 survey points using the Schlumberger array, complemented by Electrical Logging techniques including Single-Point Resistivity (SPR) and Gamma Ray (GR). The results revealed that the subsurface geology consists of the Khok Kruat Formation (Kkk), characterized by sandstone and conglomerate layers. Analysis of resistivity graphs identified 10 high-potential locations exhibiting "Clean Sand" characteristics, marked by significantly high resistivity and low GR values, indicating high-quality aquifers. Subsequent Step-Drawdown Tests confirmed a sustainable production capacity of 2–10 m³/hr. These findings were utilized to design an efficient water distribution network and sustainable management plan, effectively addressing drought issues and improving the quality of life for the local community.

Keywords: Geophysical Exploration, Groundwater Development, Khok Kruat Formation, Electrical Resistivity, Aquifer Potential Assessment

ENHANCING PORTFOLIO EFFICIENCY USING PEG AND PEGC RATIOS UNDER THE MARKOWITZ EFFICIENT FRONTIER FRAMEWORK

Natchaya THONGANAN — 2026-07-10

This study aims to compare the performance of investment portfolios constructed using the PEG (Price/Earnings to Growth Ratio) and PEGC (Price-Earnings Growth Consistent Ratio) under the Markowitz Efficient Frontier framework. The objectives of this study are threefold: first, to select securities based on PEG and PEGC criteria; second, to construct optimal investment portfolios using the Markowitz portfolio optimization approach, including the Minimum Variance Portfolio and the Maximum Sharpe Ratio Portfolio; and third, to evaluate and compare portfolio performance in terms of expected return, risk, and Sharpe Ratio.

The study utilizes stock data from the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), focusing on companies listed in the SET100 Index. Financial data, including P/E ratio, earnings per share (EPS), earnings growth, and stock price growth, were collected to calculate PEG and PEGC values. Securities meeting the selection criteria were included in the portfolio construction process. Monthly stock return data were used to estimate expected returns, standard deviations, and covariance matrices. Portfolio optimization was performed using Microsoft Excel Solver under the constraints of no short-selling and a maximum investment weight of 40 percent per security. The results indicate that portfolios constructed using PEGC outperform those constructed using PEG, particularly in terms of risk-adjusted performance measured by the Sharpe Ratio. In addition, PEGC portfolios exhibit better diversification benefits and generate an Efficient Frontier that dominates the PEG portfolio frontier across several risk levels. These findings suggest that incorporating price growth alongside earnings growth can enhance stock selection and improve portfolio efficiency under the Markowitz framework.

Keywords: PEG Ratio, PEGC Ratio, Markowitz Efficient Frontier, Portfolio Optimization, Sharpe Ratio

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC APPROACHES FOR SALES GROWTH AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN DESIGN AND CONSULTING SERVICES THROUGH APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY: A CASE STUDY OF ABC CO., LTD.

Yupa CHONGPATIYUTT — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to develop strategic approaches for enhancing sales growth and competitive advantage through the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI). A qualitative research methodology was employed using Appreciative Inquiry as the primary framework for identifying organizational strengths, positive experiences, and success-enabling factors. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, reflective inquiry, critical incident analysis, and organizational document reviews. The findings revealed that Relational Capital is the most significant strategic resource contributing to organizational success. Built through trust, long-term relationships, business networks, and professional credibility, relational capital plays a critical role in customer retention, referrals, and business development opportunities. The Appreciative Inquiry process also identified five core organizational strengths: Trust-Based Relationship, Relational Leadership, Professional Integrity, Human-Centered Service Mind, and Strategic Personal Brand Potential. Based on these findings, strategic approaches were developed to strengthen relational capital, enhance customer experience, reinforce professional credibility, and reposition the organization as a strategic consulting partner. The study suggests that sustainable growth in professional service businesses depends not only on technical expertise but also on the ability to create client value and maintain long-term relationships. These capabilities contribute to sustainable competitive advantage and long-term organizational success.

Keywords: Appreciative Inquiry, Relational Capital, Competitive Advantage, Professional Service Business

MARKETING COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES FOR SMALL-SCALE FORTUNE-TELLING SERVICES: INSIGHTS FROM POSITIVE CONSUMER EXPERIENCES USING APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY

Punyarat KAMDA — 2026-07-10

The objectives of this research were to study positive consumer experiences in small-scale fortune-telling services and develop content marketing communication guidelines aligned with consumer emotions and beliefs. The study employed the Appreciative Inquiry 4D Cycle as the primary framework. Twelve participants were purposively selected, comprising six who had received services from the researcher and six who had received services from other providers. Data were collected through Appreciative Interviews and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. The results revealed that: 1) four key themes emerged, namely Practical Guidance, found in all participants, Emotional Safe Space, found in most participants and serving as a key Enabling Condition, Straightforward Communication, and Accuracy and Understanding, both found in half of participants. 2) The synthesized Positive Core was identified as "providing practical guidance within non-judgmental and empathetic communication that fosters consumer comfort and confident decision-making." 3) The developed marketing communication guidelines comprised four components: creating an emotional safe space, delivering practical guidance, a Key Message of 'Not just prediction—but a non-judgmental safe space with actionable guidance,' and a four-type digital content strategy deployed across TikTok, Instagram, and LINE.

Keywords: Appreciative Inquiry, Marketing Communication, Fortune-Telling Services, Positive Consumer Experience, Voice of Customer

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AMONG GRADE 10 STUDENTS IN BIOLOGY: PHASE 1 - THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND FRAMWORK DESIGN

Danucha RUNGRUENG — 2026-07-10

The first phase of this research aimed to analyze and synthesize a conceptual framework for developing a digital learning environment that integrates artificial intelligence to promote scientific literacy among Grade 10 students in Biology. The study was conducted within a Developmental Research framework, specifically Product Research (Type I), based on the model proposed by Richey and Klein (2007). The analysis encompassed five foundational theoretical domains: learning context, scientific literacy, technology, pedagogy, and learning theories — including Piaget's and Vygotsky's constructivist perspectives and cognitive information processing theory — alongside established learning environment models: CLEs, OLEs, SOI, and SLE. The findings yielded a design framework comprising six core components: 1) problem situations, 2) learning resources, 3) knowledge-sharing centers, 4) cognitive tools, 5) scaffolding, and 6) coaching. Artificial intelligence was integrated into the scaffolding component to provide personalized guidance, facilitate scientific reasoning, and stimulate scientific literacy appropriate to each individual learner. The AI-driven scaffolding also enables continuous monitoring of learning progress and adaptive adjustment of support levels. The resulting conceptual framework demonstrates theoretical validity and alignment with learners' contextual needs, serving as a critical foundation for the development of a digital learning environment prototype in the subsequent phase.

Keywords: Learning Environment, Constructivism, Science Literacy

HAND SKILL AND LABORATORY OUTCOME AMONG STUDENTS FROM PANDEMIC ERA

Tanit ARUNRATANOTHAI — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to compare hand skill scores and laboratory outcomes among students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. A retrospective observational quantitative study was conducted using data from first-year students admitted through the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools (COTMES) admission track in the 2019 and 2022 academic years. Data included wax carving scores, chalk carving scores, and laboratory outcomes in dental anatomy and complete denture courses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U test. The results showed that students entering the 2019 academic year had significantly higher wax and chalk carving scores than those entering the 2022 academic year (p < .0001). In contrast, students entering the 2022 academic year achieved significantly higher outcomes in the dental anatomy laboratory course (p = .0208). No significant difference was observed in the complete denture laboratory course between the two cohorts (p = .4507). In conclusion, differences in hand skill scores and laboratory outcomes were observed between students entering in the 2019 and 2022 academic years, representing cohorts before and after the pandemic era.

Keywords: Hand Skill, Outcome, Pandemic

IMPLEMENTATION OF ELDERLY ALLOWANCE POLICY IN URBAN COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF BANG KHAE DISTRICT, BANGKOK

Siripa CHAIYACUPT — 2026-07-10

This qualitative research aimed to analyze operational obstacles, area-specific context influences, and improvement guidelines for the elderly allowance policy implementation in Bang Khae District. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with eight key informants across four groups alongside document analysis. The findings revealed three main challenges: 1) Policy and Legal: The transitional 2023 regulation lacks clarity, limiting officials' discretion and causing inconsistent interpretations. 2) Management: Managing high workloads relies heavily on supplementary resources, while the e-Social Welfare system's inability to verify temporary government workers leads to overlapping rights. 3) Area-Specific Context: Complexities involve cross-agency coordination with the elderly home, access disparities between organized and non-organized communities, and the digital divide. Macro-level recommendations include clearly defining "insufficient income" criteria, integrating comprehensive inter-agency databases, and adjusting allowance rates. Local-level recommendations suggest clarifying BMA guidelines, securing staff employment, expanding outreach to non-organized areas, and promoting inter-district learning for standardized practices.

Keywords: Policy Implementation, Elderly Allowance, Bang Khae District, Urban Aging, Street-level Bureaucracy

EFFECT OF SILVER DIAMINE FLUORIDE ON MICROTENSILE BOND STRENGTH OF DEMINERALIZED DENTIN

Thanpitcha KRISANAWONG — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to investigate the differences in microtensile bond strength (mTBS) on demineralized dentin when silver diamine fluoride (SDF) was applied, followed by different adhesive modes. Thirty-two extracted human premolars were used. All specimens randomly divided into four groups, categorized by SDF-treated and untreated dentin, after a two-week period, resin composite restorations were performed using different adhesive modes (Etch and Rinse or Self-etch). Specimens were prepared for mTBS test. The debonded dentin surfaces and the adhesive-dentin interfaces were observed using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results of mTBS were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test with statistical significance level of .05. The results showed that SDF-treated demineralized dentin significantly increase mTBS compared to non-SDF treated group restored with self-etch mode. In contrast, SDF-treated demineralized dentin groups were not significantly different from non-SDF treated group restored with etch and rinse mode. In conclusion, the restorative methods of demineralized teeth when SDF was applied for two weeks, both etch and rinse and self-etch modes can be used.

Keywords: Silver Diamine Fluoride, Microtensile Bond Strength, Demineralized Dentin

ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL IRRIGATION AREAS IN NAKHON SAWAN PROVINCE USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

Boonnada MUTUTA — 2026-07-10

This research aimed to: (1) assess the potential areas for irrigation development in Nakhon Sawan Province; (2) determine the weights of factors influencing irrigation potential using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); and (3) produce an irrigation suitability map by integrating the Geographic Information System (GIS) with the AHP technique. This study employed a spatial analysis approach using geospatial data obtained from the Land Development Department, the Royal Irrigation Department, the Department of Water Resources, and the Agri-Map database. Six criteria were considered in the analysis: land use, distance to water sources, slope, elevation, soil type, and average annual rainfall. The relative importance of these factors was determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process based on the judgments of 15 experts. The derived weights were then integrated with GIS data through the Weighted Overlay technique to evaluate irrigation suitability. The results indicated that land use was the most influential factor, with a weight of 0.2784, followed by distance to water sources (0.2729), slope (0.2674), elevation (0.0759), soil type (0.0719), and average annual rainfall (0.0334). The pairwise comparison matrix achieved a Consistency Ratio (C.R.) of 0.084, indicating an acceptable level of consistency. The GIS-based suitability analysis revealed that 4,435,729.31 rai (77.00%) of the study area was classified as highly suitable (S1) for irrigation development, followed by unsuitable areas (N) accounting for 17.68%, moderately suitable areas (S2) accounting for 3.83%, and marginally suitable areas (S3) accounting for 1.49%. The findings demonstrate that integrating GIS with the Analytic Hierarchy Process provides a systematic and reliable approach for assessing irrigation potential. The resulting suitability map can serve as a valuable decision-support tool for irrigation planning, water resources management, and land-use planning, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and promoting sustainable development in Nakhon Sawan Province.

Keywords: Irrigation Potential, Geographic Information System (GIS), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Irrigation Development, Nakhon Sawan Province

EFFECT OF ILLUMINANCE ON BLINK RATE DURING TABLET USE: A PILOT STUDY

Walaitip SAKSUDTHAYAKOM — 2026-07-10

This study investigated the effect of illuminance on blink rate and eye strain during tablet use, comparing 150 lux and 500 lux environments. Thirty participants aged 18-35 years with normal ocular health read text on a 10.9-inch iPad Air for 30 minutes at 40 cm viewing distance under controlled Daylight (6500 K) illuminance in an experimental research design. Outcome measures included blink rate, incomplete blink rate, and eye strain assessed by the ASQ-17 questionnaire, analyzed using Paired t-test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (α = 0.05). The 500 lux condition produced a significantly higher mean blink rate (7.84 ± 0.30 blinks/min; 95% CI: 7.72, 7.95) compared to 150 lux (7.74 ± 0.30 blinks/min; 95% CI: 7.63, 7.85) (p < 0.001). Incomplete blink rate was also significantly higher under 500 lux (1.62 ± 0.28 blinks/min; 95% CI: 1.51, 1.72) than 150 lux (1.56 ± 0.27 blinks/min; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.66) (p < 0.001). Eye strain prevalence was 70.00% under 150 lux and 63.33% under 500 lux, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.69). These findings indicate that illuminance affects blink behavior, potentially through ocular response and adaptation mechanisms. Results may inform evidence-based design of tablet-use environments and support future research on dry eye and eye strain prevention.

Keywords: Illuminance, Blink Rate, Incomplete Blink, Tablet, Dry Eye, Eye Strain

HEALTHY OR HAZARDOUS? THE HIDDEN SIDE OF PUBLIC PARK RECREATION REVEALED BY ITS METABARCODING OF URBAN PARK SOILS

Manassanun SAPNRADHORN — 2026-07-10

Public parks have been increasingly used for outdoor recreation and leisure activities such as running, aerobic dancing, bird feeding and picnicking. Frequent human interaction with urban birds, particularly pigeons, may increase exposure to potentially pathogenic microorganisms. This study investigated potential health risks associated with environments heavily populated by birds in urban parks. Soil samples in areas of high bird-human interactions were collected from two public parks in Bangkok, Thailand. Fungal communities in the soil samples were analysed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) metabarcoding combined with bioinformatics approaches to assess microbial diversity and identify potentially pathogenic taxa. Results revealed that Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum across all samples, accounting for 89.9% of fungal reads. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated compositional differences in fungal communities between the two parks, although neither beta nor alpha diversity differences were statistically significant, likely due to limited statistical power with three samples per site. Functional guild analysis showed that Pathotroph-Saprotroph-Symbiotroph, Saprotroph, and Pathotroph-Saprotroph were the dominant trophic modes. Several fungal genera with known opportunistic pathogenic potential, including Aspergillus, Fusarium, Curvularia, and Chaetomium, were also detected. Environmental observations further indicated that areas with higher bird abundance and more frequent human-bird interactions were associated with site-specific fungal community compositions. As ITS metabarcoding detects DNA rather than viable organisms, these findings indicate potential environmental reservoirs rather than a demonstrated health hazard, highlighting the need for microbial ecological considerations in urban park management.

Keywords: Public Parks, Fungal Pathogens, ITS Metabarcoding, Bird-Associated Pathogens, Public Health Risk

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE CHANGES OF MIDFACE FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL LEFORT I OSTEOTOMY VERSUS DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS IN CLEFT PATIENTS

Aung RONNY — 2026-07-10

The objective of this study was to compare the soft tissue thickness and anterior soft-tissue to hard tissue movement ratios in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and/or palate (UCLP and BCLP) following maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) using internal distractor device and Conventional maxillary advancement at Lefort I osteotomy (CO) using lateral cephalograms. This retrospective study was conducted on 22 patients with UCLP or BCLP who underwent either maxillary distraction osteogenesis (Group 1) or Lefort I maxillary advancement (Group 2) with 5-10 mm in maxillary advancement. The lateral cephalograms were taken before surgery at (T0) and after a minimum interval of six months (T1) and 1 year (T2) of surgery. Significant differences were not found between the DO and CO patients in soft tissue thickness at 6 months and 1 year. A statistical significance of sagittal advancement and downgrafting of soft tissue was not observed between the two groups at 6 months and 1 year. There were better correlations of hard and soft tissue changes with maxillary advancement. There were much more consistent hard to soft tissue ratios in maxillary advancement with DO than with CO. In conclusion, this study found no statistically significant differences in soft tissue thickness, sagittal advancement, or vertical downgrafting between distraction osteogenesis (DO) and conventional Le Fort I osteotomy (CO) in cleft patients at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Both techniques produced comparable soft tissue changes of the upper lip and nose, with soft tissue following hard tissue movement in both groups. However, DO demonstrated more consistent hard-to-soft tissue ratios in maxillary advancement than CO, suggesting a more predictable soft tissue response despite equivalent overall outcomes.

Keywords: Distraction Osteogenesis, Lefort 1 Osteotomy, Clefts, Maxillary Hypoplasia

3-D TOTAL AIRWAY VOLUME ALTERATIONS IN SKELETAL CLASS III PATIENTS UNDERGOING NM-LOW Z BIMAXILLARY SURGERY

Yavitha SURACHETTAPONG — 2026-07-10

Posterior repositioning of the mandible in skeletal Class III patients is associated with airway compromise. However, the NM-low Z technique has been proposed to minimize airway compromise following the surgery. This study aimed to evaluate volumetric changes in the pharyngeal airway following bimaxillary surgery using the NM-low Z technique in patients with skeletal Class III deformity. A retrospective study was conducted using CBCT images obtained preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Airway volume was assessed using Dolphin Imaging software. The results demonstrated that the total airway volume decreased significantly after surgery in all patients. These findings suggest that airway alterations remain a consideration following NM-low Z bimaxillary surgery, highlighting the importance of airway evaluation during surgical planning and postoperative follow-up.

Keywords: NM-low Z, Bimaxillary surgery, Skeletal Class III

EVALUATION OF SOFT TISSUE AND UPPER INCISOR CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CLASS III CAMOUFLAGE TREATMENT

Thanchanit KIJRUNGSIKUL — 2026-07-10

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of orthodontic camouflage treatment on upper incisor position, incisal show at rest and soft tissue changes in patients with skeletal Class III relationship. The retrospective study analyzed data collected from pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 28 subjects. The results showed statistically significant increases in upper anterior dental height and nasolabial angle following the treatment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, changes in upper incisor inclination were significantly correlated with both incisal show at rest and upper lip length. In conclusion, changing the upper incisor inclination during Class III camouflage orthodontic treatment requires careful consideration of its effects on the surrounding soft tissues.

Keywords: Orthodontic Camouflage Treatment, Skeletal Class III Relationship, Upper Incisor, Upper Lip

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANTERIOR TOOTH MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT INDICATORS AND NUMBER OF REFINEMENT SETS IN INVISALIGN TREATMENT

Praewa SINPOONPAK — 2026-07-10

Objective: To evaluate the association between anterior tooth movement assessment indicators using the Tooth Movement Assessment (TMA) function and the number of refinement sets required during Invisalign treatment. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analytical study included 140 patients treated with Invisalign. Clinical characteristics compliance record and extraction plan were collected from treatment records. Number of refinement sets and number of anterior tooth movement indicators were obtained from ClinCheck software utilized Tooth Movement Assessment (TMA) function and classified by movement type and complexity level (moderate and advanced indicators). Poisson regression was used to evaluate the association between anterior tooth movement indicators and the number of refinement sets. Results: Moderate anterior mesiodistal root movement indicators were significantly associated with an increased number of refinement sets (p < 0.001). Advanced anterior mesiodistal root movement indicators were also significantly associated with the number of refinement sets (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Moderate and advanced anterior mesiodistal root movement indicators were significantly associated with the number of Invisalign refinement sets. These findings may help clinicians assess the tendency of refinement requirements during Invisalign treatment planning.

Keywords: Clear Aligners, Invisalign®, Orthodontic Refinement, Type of Tooth Movement

CLINICAL ACCURACY OF PETG CLEAR ALIGNER MATERIAL

Thamolwan JIRAKAJORNJARITKUL — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical accuracy of clear aligners fabricated from Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) material by assessing changes in dental arch dimensions using Geomagic Control X software. A total of 24 dental arches were included in the study. All participants were treated with PETG-based Smartee® clear aligners in cases involving arch expansion. Arch dimensions were measured: Anterior Arch Width (AAW), Posterior Arch Width (PAW) and Arch Height (AH). Statistical comparisons were performed using a paired-sample t-test to evaluate the differences between the planned tooth movement (TP-T0) and the actual treatment outcome (T1-T0). The results showed that the clinical accuracy of Anterior Arch Width (AAW) was the lowest among the measured variables, with an accuracy of 62.80%. Arch Height (AH) demonstrated the highest accuracy, reaching 69.89%. Overall, the clinical accuracy based on dental arch dimension measurements ranged from 62.80% to 69.89%.

Keywords: Multilayer Thermoplastic Clear Aligners, Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG), Clinical Accuracy

EVALUATING THE ACCURACY OF SURGICAL PREDICTION UTILIZING COMPUTER-ASSISTED SURGICAL SIMULATION IN MULTI-PIECE LE FORT I SURGERY WITH SINGLE SPLINT TECHNIQUE (A PRELIMINARY STUDY)

Naphat NARUEPHATSIRIWONG — 2026-07-10

Multi-piece Le Fort I maxillary surgery using a single-splint technique reduces treatment time, yet specific accuracy evaluations of 3D Computer-Assisted Surgical Simulation (CASS) for this approach remain lacking. This article reports an interim analysis of an ongoing prospective study assessing the coordinate accuracy of this technique. Data were analyzed from the first 4 subjects (out of a target sample of 13) by comparing preoperative and 3-month postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans using voxel-based cranial base registration. Seven skeletal and dental anatomical landmarks, totaling 21 variables, were measured. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the planned and actual postoperative positions across all 21 variables (p 0.066). Regarding clinical significance (RMSD < 2 mm), the coronal plane met the criteria at all landmarks (7/7). The Frankfort horizontal plane met the criteria at 6 of 7 landmarks (exceeding at the left canine; RMSD = 2.31 mm). The midsagittal plane met the criteria at 5 of 7 landmarks (exceeding at the left canine; RMSD = 2.10 mm, and left first molar; RMSD = 2.51 mm). In conclusion, CASS combined with the single-splint technique demonstrates a promising trend of overall accuracy, although the greatest clinical deviations occurred near the osteotomy sites at the canines and posterior molars. These findings serve as pilot data, and further data collection is currently ongoing to achieve the required sample size.

Keywords: Orthognathic Surgery, Computer-Assisted Surgical Simulation, Single Splint Technique, Preliminary Study

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING FOR GRADE 5 STUDENTS USING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING WITH BOARD GAME

Niramol RAGTHONG — 2026-07-10

The purpose of this research was to develop grade 5 students’ Scientific Reasoning and Creative Problem Solving using Problem-Based Learning with Board Game so that they would have average score not less than 70% of total score, and there would be 70% up of the total number of the students passing criterion. The target group used in this research was 17 Grade 5 students of Mueangyasothon School, Yasothon Province, during the first semester of the 2023 academic year, using action research. The instruments used in this research were Lesson Plans using Problem-Based Learning with Board Game, Teaching behavior observation form, Instruction records, A student interview form, End-of-spiral Scientific Reasoning and Creative Problem Solving tests, Scientific Reasoning test and Creative Problem Solving test. The results show that: 1) The students had average of Scientific Reasoning for 17.12 or 71.32 of the total score, and there were 13 students or 76.47 passed the criteria which was higher than defined criteria. And 2) The students had average of Creative Problem-Solving Thinking for 21.82 or 72.35 of the total score, and there were 14 students or 82.35 passed the criteria which was higher than defined criteria.

Keywords: Scientific Reasoning, Creative Problem Solving, Problem-Based Learning, Board Game, Problem-Based Learning with Board Game

INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EMERGENCY RESUSCITATION TRAINING AT THE NAVAL OPERATIONAL MEDICINE SCHOOL BASED ON EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING THEORY

Niti MALITHIP — 2026-07-10

This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences, contributing factors, techniques, and recommendations of emergency medical personnel regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to develop instructional guidelines for education at the Naval Medical School based on Experiential Learning Theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 emergency medical personnel (emergency nurses, paramedics and emergency medical technicians) and a focus group discussion involving 6 personnel. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed four major themes. First, resuscitation experiences characterized by professional pride, emotional challenges, and a strong sense of purpose in saving lives. Second, key facilitators and barriers influencing successful resuscitation were identified. Facilitating factors included early start CPR, appropriate use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), effective teamwork, communication, and leadership. Barriers involved confined environments, limited patient access, resource constraints, and psychological pressure from patients' relatives and bystanders. Third, participants emphasized reflective practice, learning from mistakes, and emotional coping as essential components of professional development. Finally, they recommended that CPR education should incorporate realistic simulation, non-technical skills, and structured debriefing following practice. Based on these findings, a four-hour supplementary instructional lesson plan was developed, consisting of ethics-based case discussions, team-based simulation in challenging emergency scenarios, and guided reflective debriefing. Expert evaluation indicated that the instructional lesson plan was appropriate and feasible for implementation as a supplementary learning activity in the CPR curriculum.

Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Experiential Learning, Instructional Guidelines, Health Professions Education, Naval Operational Medicine School

THE INFLUENCE OF INFLUENCERS ON REPURCHASE INTENTION AND THE MEDIATING ROLE OF BRAND TRUST FOR COSMETIC AND SKINCARE PRODUCTS AMONG CONSUMERS IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN AREA

Patkhwan SRICHAROENDHUM — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to develop and validate a causal relationship model explaining the influence of influencers on consumers repurchase intention toward cosmetic and skincare products, with brand trust serving as a mediating variable. Data were collected through an online survey administered to 363 consumers residing in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed high levels of perceptions regarding influencer characteristics, brand trust, and repurchase intention, with mean scores of 4.049, 4.136, and 4.163, respectively. Trustworthiness was identified as the most important influencer attribute. The proposed model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data. Influencer influence had significant positive effects on brand trust (β = 0.792) and repurchase intention (β = 0.258), while brand trust positively affected repurchase intention (β = 0.631) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, brand trust played a key mediating role in linking influencer influence to repurchase intention. The model explained 72.4% of the variance in repurchase intention (R² = 0.724). These findings suggest that selecting trustworthy influencers can effectively strengthen brand trust and encourage sustainable repurchase behavior.

Keywords: Influencer, Brand Trust, Repurchase Intention, Cosmetics and Skincare, Structural Equation Modeling

PREVALENCE OF HALITOSIS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUNDS AMONG PARTICIPANTS UNDERGOING HALITOSIS SCREENING IN AN ORAL HEALTH EXHIBITION

Sarocha RITTIDECH — 2026-07-10

Halitosis is a common oral health problem that may adversely affect quality of life. This study aimed to describe the distribution of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) among individuals participating in halitosis screening at an oral health exhibition and to examine the associations between baseline factors and oral gas levels. This secondary data analysis used data from a community academic service database. The study included 62 volunteers from the general population who underwent halitosis screening, with a mean age of 34.6 ± 13.4 years. VSC levels were measured using the Oral Chroma™ device. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare the proportions of participants with gas levels above and below the established cutoff values between pre-lunch and post-lunch periods. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between age and each sulfur compound. The median levels of H₂S, CH₃SH, and (CH₃)₂S were 110, 21.5, and 67.5 ppb, respectively. Dimethyl sulfide ((CH₃)₂S) showed the highest proportion of participants with levels above the cutoff value (82.3%). Pearson’s chi-square test revealed a significant association between screening time and H₂S levels (p = .005), whereas no significant associations were found for CH₃SH (p = .079) or (CH₃)₂S (p = .530). Age was positively correlated with H₂S (r = .429, p = .001), CH₃SH (r = .314, p = .013), and (CH₃)₂S (r = .251, p = .049).These findings suggest that halitosis screening can reflect the distribution of VSCs under daily-life conditions. Meal-related timing was associated with H₂S levels, while age was positively associated with all three sulfur compounds.

Keywords: Halitosis, Volatile Sulfur Compounds, Age, Field Screening, Oral Chroma™

THE EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE, CAFFEINE, AND COMBINED GLUCOSE-CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON AEROBIC PERFORMANCE IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Jialin YANG — 2026-07-10

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of glucose, caffeine, and glucose-caffeine combined mouthwash on specific physiological and sensory responses in college students during submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: This single-blind randomized controlled trial enrolled 45 healthy male college students aged 18 to 22 years. Based on baseline fitness levels, participants were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15 per group) using a serpentine allocation method: a 6% glucose group, a 10 mg caffeine (dissolved in 25 mL) group, and a glucose-caffeine combined mouthwash group. All participants underwent Åstrand-Rhyming submaximal aerobic dynamometer testing. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), estimated VO2, and subjective fatigue level (RPE) were measured before and after exercise. Paired-samples t-tests were used for intragroup comparisons. Results: All three mouthwashes significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (all p < .001). No statistically significant change was observed in estimated oxygen uptake (VO2). Subjective perceived fatigue (RPE) responses differed under different conditions. No significant differences were found in any variables among the groups. Conclusion: The acute physiological responses induced by glucose, caffeine, and glucose-caffeine mixed mouthwashes were similar. Due to the lack of a placebo (water) control group, these variations cannot be attributed to specific mouthwashes. Future research should employ effective methods for measuring acute exercise performance and include a placebo control group.

Keywords: Mouthwash, Glucose, Caffeine, Enhancer, Submaximal Intensity Exercise, Aerobic Exercise Performance

INFORMED WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) VACCINATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN TRANG PROVINCE

Wit WICHAIDIT — 2026-07-10

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is a common cause of respiratory hospitalization among infants. The RSVpreF (Abrysvo) vaccine is given to pregnant women between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation to provide passive immunity to their infants. The objective of this study is to describe the informed willingness to pay for RSV vaccination among pregnant women residing in Trang Province, Thailand. The investigators conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study at three public hospitals in Trang Province, southern Thailand: one provincial hospital and two district hospitals. The investigators collected data using a face-to-face structured interview questionnaire delivered via the KoboToolbox platform and analyzed data using descriptive statistics. A total of 96 pregnant women agreed to participate in our study (n = 96 participants). All participants were female, with a median age of 29 years, and about a quarter of the participants were Muslim. One-third of the participants reported that they would be willing to pay between 1,000 THB and 1,999 THB to receive RSV vaccination, and the median amount was also in the 1,000 THB to 1,999 THB range. This was one of the first studies on willingness to pay for RSV vaccination in Trang Province. However, limitations regarding the cross-sectional study design, limited statistical power, and information biases should be considered in the interpretation of our study findings.

Keywords: Willingness-to-Pay, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Vaccination, Pregnancy

FLOOD RISK AREA ANALYSIS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP): A CASE STUDY OF THE SONGKHRAM RIVER BASIN

Nattapong KOONKIT — 2026-07-10

The Songkhram River basin has been persistently affected by recurrent flooding, primarily due to its geomorphological characteristics as a low-lying basin with gentle slopes. This condition is further intensified by the backwater effect from the Mekong River during the flood season, which significantly constrains the drainage capacity of the river system. When there is a large amount of water during the rainy season, it causes the water to overflow the banks and flood the community and agricultural areas, causing damage. The purpose of this study was to assess the flood hazard of the Songkhram River basin using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze six factors: elevation, slope, runoff, average rainfall, land use and Distance from stream. The results of the study will be a flood-risk map. It is divided into 5 risk levels: very low flood risk area of 101.93 sq. km. (0.78%), low flood risk area of 193.43 sq. km. (1.47%), medium flood risk area of 304.11 sq. km. (2.31%), high flood risk area of 298.05 sq. km. (2.27%), and very high flood risk area of 155.42 sq. km. (1.18%), respectively. The analysis results show that flood risk areas in 17districts (Si-Songkhram District, Nakhon Phanom Province District) have the highest flood risk areas, most of which are community and agricultural. The results of the analysis be used to plan water management in the region to cope with flood problems.

Keywords: The Songkhram River Basin, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Flood Hazard

DESIGNING AN APPROACH TO REDUCE WASTE FROM DELAYS IN THE CARE RECIPIENT INFORMATION HANDOVER PROCESS BY APPLYING THE SCAMPER TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF AN ELDERLY CARE CENTER IN KHON KAEN PROVINCE

Boonbenya RAKSAKEN — 2026-07-10

This research aimed to: (1) examine the current (As-Is) information handover process at an elderly care center in Khon Kaen Province, (2) analyze delay-related wastes using the Lean DOWNTIME framework, and (3) design a new (To-Be) process by applying the SCAMPER technique. A qualitative single-case study was conducted. Data were collected from the entire accessible population of 12 informants—executives, registered nurses, and practical nurses—through three in-depth interviews and nine open-ended questionnaires via Google Form. Data were analyzed using content analysis and comparative As-Is/To-Be analysis. Findings revealed that the current process comprised six steps across three channels (paper, LINE, and an intermediary manager), causing approximately 30-minute delays between recording and managerial review. Seven of eight DOWNTIME wastes were identified (Overproduction was absent), with Defects, Waiting, Non-utilized Talent, and Excess Processing being most prominent. Applying SCAMPER produced a new model based on three design principles and nine components, replacing paper-based recording with an integrated digital system featuring automated calculation, abnormal-value alerts, and PDPA-compliant role-based access.

Keywords: Waste Reduction, Information Handover, SCAMPER Technique, Lean, Elderly Care Center

HUMAN POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACY BUSINESS WITHIN KALASIN MUNICIPALITY, KALASIN PROVINCE

Piyathida CHAIWICHIT — 2026-07-10

This study aimed to: 1) examine the level of customer satisfaction with the services provided by pharmacy personnel, 2) investigate customers' perceptions toward pharmacy personnel service quality, and 3) propose guidelines for developing the potential of personnel in the pharmacy business within Kalasin Municipality on customer-centric human resource development. The sample group consisted of 400 customers using pharmacy services. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and One-Way ANOVA. The findings revealed that the respondents reported a high overall level of satisfaction. However, some areas required improvement, particularly in communication skills and online service channels. Customers with different genders, ages, occupations, and incomes demonstrated significantly different levels of satisfaction. Based on the findings, two approaches for developing personnel potential were proposed: 1) a professionalism-oriented approach, and 2) a digital skills enhancement approach to improve service quality and strengthen competitiveness.

Keywords: Human Potential Development, Pharmacy Business, Customer Satisfaction

FACTORS AFFECTING ON-TIME DEBT REPAYMENT BEHAVIOR OF MOBILE PHONE CREDIT CUSTOMERS: A RETAIL STORE ABC IN BANGKOK

Ketwanee THIBUNMEE — 2026-07-10

This research aims to examine factors affecting on-time debt repayment behavior of mobile phone credit customers, using a retail store in Bangkok as a case study. Independent variables are classified into three groups: demographic factors, product factors, and contract factors. The sample consists of 500 hire-purchase credit customers whose contracts were completed during 2023-2024) Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The dependent variable is repayment behavior, classified as on-time (overdue ≤7 days) and late (overdue >7 days). Backward stepwise binary logistic regression revealed that loan tenor of 12 months (Exp(B) = 0.428, p = 0.025) and down payment amount (p = 0.026) were statistically significant predictors at the 0.05 level, with an overall classification accuracy of 72.2% and Nagelkerke R² of 0.029) The findings assist operators in developing customer screening criteria, determining appropriate credit conditions, and managing credit risk effectively.

Keywords: Mobile Phone Credit, Debt Repayment Behavior, Logistic Regression, Credit Risk, Hire Purchase

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ARIMA AND MACHINE LEARNING MODELS FOR BIOPROSTHETIC TISSUE HEART VALVE DEMAND FORECASTING AND ITS APPLICATION IN HIGH-VALUE MEDICAL SUPPLY INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

Waritnan PRUETHONG — 2026-07-10

This research aimed to (1) compare the forecasting performance of ARIMA and five Machine Learning (ML) models—Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XG-Boost together with two intermittent-demand benchmarks (Croston's Method and Syntetos-Boylan Approximation) for bioprosthetic tissue heart valve demand; (2) select the Best Model for nine valve items; and (3) develop an optimal inventory system and quantify financial savings at Queen Sirikit Heart Center of the Northeast. Monthly data for nine items (3 Porcine, 6 Bovine) over 36 months (1 January 2023-31 December 2025), totalling 324 data points, were purposively selected. Analyses employed ADF/KPSS stationarity tests, five-fold Walk-Forward Cross-Validation, Diebold-Mariano tests (baseline and pairwise), and MAE, RMSE, MASE metrics. Results indicated that all ML models significantly outperformed ARIMA (Pairwise DM Test, p < .05). Gradient Boosting achieved the lowest average MAE (0.354), whereas ARIMA recorded the highest (0.921). Per-SKU selection identified Ridge Regression as optimal for six items (66.67%), Gradient Boosting for two (22.22%), and XG-Boost for one (11.11%). At a 99% Service Level, optimal stock ranged from 36 to 59 units, reducing average inventory by 66.78% (143 to 47.5 units), releasing approximately 9.81 million baht in capital and saving an estimated 971,000 baht per year in holding costs. This study presents the first empirical Best Model Selection framework in Thailand for high-value medical supply forecasting under intermittent demand.

Keywords: Demand Forecasting, Bioprosthetic Tissue Heart Valve, Machine Learning, ARIMA, Inventory Management

INTERACTIVE WEBSITE DESIGN FOR RAISING AWARENESS OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Thosaporn SANGKANGWAN — 2026-07-22

This research aimed to study information related to Eating Disorders, design and develop an interactive website to raise awareness among undergraduate students, and evaluate users’ satisfaction. The website content covered types and symptoms of Eating Disorders, the role of the HPA Axis, treatment approaches, former patients’ experiences, and the Thai version of the EAT-26 screening test. The website, titled “Eatitude Club,” was designed with interactive features to increase user engagement. The sample group consisted of 42 undergraduate students aged 18–24 years from the Food and Nutrition Technology program at Khon Kaen Vocational College, selected through purposive sampling, along with one content expert and two UI design experts. Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the content expert evaluated the website at a good level with a mean score of 4.42, while the UI design experts evaluated it at a very good level with a mean score of 4.68. The sample group reported satisfaction with the content at a good level with a mean score of 4.39, and satisfaction with the website elements at a very good level with a mean score of 4.51. Overall, the website was able to communicate information clearly, promote an understanding of Eating Disorders, encourage user engagement, and serve as an effective foundational tool for raising awareness among undergraduate students.

OPTION PRICING UNDER THE LIFTED HESTON MODEL WITH JUMPS

Nithit BORVORNLUCK — 2026-07-22

This study develops and evaluates the Lifted Heston with Jumps (LHJ) model, a finite-dimensional Markovian option-pricing framework that augments the Lifted Heston approximation of rough volatility with asymmetric double-exponential jumps. The moment generating function of the log price is derived in closed transform form by combining the lifted Riccati system with the Kou jump transform, and option prices are recovered through Laplace inversion. Six nested specifications, namely Heston, Bates, rough Heston, rough Heston with jumps, Lifted Heston and Lifted Heston with jumps, are calibrated in implied-volatility space to S&P 500 index options spanning January 2017 to December 2023, with parameters estimated each Wednesday and evaluated out of sample on the following trading days. Errors are disaggregated jointly by moneyness and maturity and by bull, bear, calm and turbulent market regimes. The results show that the advanced models earn their accuracy on the put surface, where the heavy left tail of the index carries pronounced skew. The proposed model attains the lowest out-of-sample implied-volatility root mean squared error of the six models on both surfaces and holds the put lead across the bull, bear and turbulent regimes, because roughness corrects the at-the-money skew while the asymmetric jump supplies the short-maturity crash tail. It reaches this accuracy in roughly one quarter of the calibration time of the exact rough jump model, so the lifting delivers the accuracy of rough volatility with jumps at close to conventional cost.

GUIDELINE FOR DEVELOPING INCENTIVE MECHANISM MANAGEMENT FOR TEACHERS IN NANCHANG VOCATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Haodong ZHOU — 2026-07-22

The study aims to investigate the current status and existing problems of the teacher incentive mechanism at Nanchang Vocational University, and to propose corresponding improvement strategies. Effective incentive mechanisms are crucial for attracting and retaining talent, developing potential, and fostering a positive competitive environment. Taking the teachers of Nanchang Vocational University as the research object, this study employed questionnaires and interviews to assess the current situation. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on data collected from 297 teachers via questionnaire and 5 administrators via in-depth interviews. The survey covered aspects including the understanding and application of incentive theories, the implementation and evaluation of incentive measures, teaching quality management, and prospects for school development. The research identified several key issues within the existing incentive mechanism across six critical dimensions: an unclear mechanism management system with insufficient policy transparency, a compensation structure with weak links to performance, an unreasonable distribution system that hinders teaching innovation, a weakened psychological contract characterized by low mutual trust between teachers and administration, inadequate career development pathways that limit professional growth, and declining job satisfaction that affects teacher retention. These interconnected issues collectively undermine the motivational potential of the current system. Based on the findings and theoretical frameworks, the study proposes strategic recommendations for improving the incentive mechanism: 1) Reforming the compensation system to strengthen its performance-based linkage; 2) Enhancing the training system by integrating both external and internal development programs; 3) Improving career planning to align personal growth with institutional goals; and 4) Optimizing the evaluation system through flexible indicators, regular review processes, and clearer criteria. These suggestions are intended to provide a theoretical and practical foundation for the university to develop a more scientific and effective incentive system, thereby stimulating teacher motivation and creativity, improving educational quality, and supporting the sustainable development of the institution.

PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT FOR TEACHERS IN GUANGDONG POLYTECHNIC

Jianliang LIU — 2026-07-22

This study aims to investigate the current status and improvement strategies of participatory leadership development for teachers in Guangdong Polytechnic. Using a mixed-method approach including questionnaire survey and in-depth interview, data were collected from 297 teachers and 5 core administrators at Guangdong Polytechnic. Results show that the overall level of participatory leadership is at a medium level (Mean=3.42), with collaborative practices (Mean=3.62) and shared responsibility (Mean=3.55) scoring highest, while decision-making participation (Mean=3.18) and communication transparency (Mean=3.29) are identified as the weakest links. Main problems include formalized decision-making channels, unclear cross-departmental responsibilities, unequal distribution of participation opportunities, insufficient two-way communication mechanisms, and lack of workload recognition for governance participation. Based on distributed leadership theory, organizational support theory and educational administration frameworks, five targeted improvement strategies are proposed. This study provides empirical references for optimizing participatory leadership development in vocational colleges in Guangdong Province.

CURRENT STATUS AND IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING FOR NEWLY HIRED TEACHERS AT GUANGDONG POLYTECHNIC

Junjiang LI — 2026-07-22

This study investigated the current status of professional development training for newly hired teachers at Guangdong Polytechnic and proposed strategies for its improvement. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Questionnaire data were collected from 169 newly hired teachers, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the overall level of professional development training was high. The participants positively evaluated the training objectives, content, methods, instructors, evaluation, and support. However, improvements are still needed in practical training, diversified training methods, mentoring, evaluation, and continuous professional support. The study proposes several strategies to improve the professional development training system and provide practical references for higher vocational colleges.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLLEGE STUDENTS' MOTIVATION FOR SPORTS PARTICIPATION AND SATISFACTION WITH PHYSICAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN JINAN'S UNIVERSITIES

Wang ํYI — 2026-07-22

Driven by national policies for comprehensive school physical education and smart campus construction, Chinese universities are transforming traditional exam-oriented PE into student-oriented service systems. However, a notable supply-demand gap persists in Jinan’s university cluster, where most institutions still adopt rigid PE management models that fail to accommodate students’ diverse sports needs. Guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) and the SERVQUAL service quality model, this mixed-method independent study targets full-time undergraduates from 12 public universities in Jinan to analyze the structural characteristics of sports participation motivation, its correlation with five dimensions of PE management satisfaction, and targeted improvement paths for campus PE governance. A total of 30 questionnaires were distributed and 265 valid responses were retrieved for quantitative analysis via SPSS 26.0; meanwhile, 10 PE managers from three institutional categories were interviewed, with transcripts coded through Nvivo 12. Descriptive statistics show the overall average score of sports participation motivation is 3.691 at a high level. Intrinsic motivation (M=3.866) serves as the core stable driver, followed by identified regulation, amotivation, introjected regulation and external regulation (M=3.555). The unexpectedly high amotivation score reveals that inadequate curriculum, venues and assessment mechanisms frustrate students’ autonomy, competence and relatedness needs, triggering low voluntary participation. Interview results identify shared management pain points and differentiated development priorities among different types of universities. Correlation and regression analyses prove that intrinsic motivation and identified regulation positively correlate with curriculum, facility, instructor, administrative and assessment satisfaction, while introjected, external regulation and amotivation exert negative predictive effects. This study innovates a complete optimization system including three-tier PE curricula, refined off-peak venue operation, teacher performance appraisal reform, diversified process assessment and institutionalized student participation mechanisms. The findings verify the cross-cultural adaptability of SDT in Chinese higher education, fill regional research gaps of Jinan’s university cluster, and offer practical decision-making references for implementing Healthy China 2030 and advancing student-centered PE governance.

DEVELOPMENT OF DATA SECURITY MANAGEMENT AT DALI UNIVERSITYIN YUNNAN PROVINCE

Shuhui TIAN — 2026-07-23

This research explored the present situation of data security management at Dali University in Yunnan Province and put forward development guidelines.A design using mixed methods was utilized.Quantitative data were gathered from 165 administrators, educators, technical employees, and other individuals engaged in educational governance, digital systems, or data handling. Meanwhile, qualitative data were acquired from five key informants.The general degree of data security management was at a medium level (Mean = 3.36, S.D.= 0.64).Educational Administrative Practices (Mean = 3.44, S.D.= 0.61) along with Data Security Governance (Mean = 3.43, Standard Deviation= 0.63) had the highest ranking, while Institutional Decision-Making Processes (Mean = 3.29, S.D.= 0.66) and Data Risk Governance (Mean = 3.25, S.D.= 0.68) constituted the weakest aspects.Significant issues involved inadequate staff training, dispersed responsibilities, restricted inter-departmental cooperation, top-down decision-making model, poorly unified systems, and non-comprehensive continuous risk surveillance.Five sets of guiding principles were put forward: reinforcing educational management operations, bettering governance and responsibility-taking, boosting participatory decision-making processes, incorporating digital infrastructure, and setting up a continuous data risk-handling cycle.The research results offer empirical and practical advice for universities going through digital transformation.